Category: Infrastructure Security

Stealing Accounts: LLMNR and NBT-NS Spoofing

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What are LLMNR and NetBIOS-NS? They’re both methods of resolving hostnames to IP addresses. On your network if you try to contact a system by name first of all DNS will be used, but if that fails LLMNR will be attempted followed by NetBIOS. LLMNR is the successor to NetBIOS and it supports IPv6 and multicast addresses.

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Alternative ways to: Run Windows Commands Remotely

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Most Penetration Testers will know and love Metasploit’s PsExec module for running commands on remote Windows machines, if you’re not familiar with it – it allows you to take a compromised Local Administrator account and use it to execute commands on the remote machine (or to upload Meterpreter of course! These methods all require the ability to write to Admin$ on the remote machine, which basically means a Local Administrator account.

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Extracting Password Hashes from a Domain Controller

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On a Penetration Test, once you’ve scored Domain Admin (DA) Access, it’s generally a good idea to take a look at the hashes stored in Active Directory (AD). Not least because it’ll point out all of the weak accounts that you missed on your journey to DA but also because password reuse across accounts may get you into other systems, such as Linux servers or the network infrastructure.

There are a few methods of dumping hashes and every PenTester I expect knows one of these, but I’ve included a few as it’s always good to have a backup plan.

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